Honour's , the name of four popes and one antipope. I. Born in Capua toward the close of the 6th century, died in Rome, Oct. 12, 638. He was descended from a consular family, be-came in his youth a canon regular, and after the death of Boniface V. (624 or 625) was elected pope. In the beginning of his pontificate he encouraged the zeal of St. Paulinus of York for the conversion of the Northumbrians, sent into Britain St. Birinus, who converted the royal brothers Cynegils and Cui-chelm, and made the Irish and Scotch conform to the general law for the celebration of Easter. He also put an end to the 70 years' schism which had divided the churches of Is-tria. But what has rendered his name memorable is his connection with the Monothelite heresy. The emperor Heraclius, for the purpose of conciliating the numerous Monophysite churches in the East, had encouraged the adoption of a dogmatic formula affirming that in Christ there was "only one mode of willing and working." This formula, recommended by Sergius, bishop of Constantinople, had been embodied by Cyrus, bishop of Alexandria, in the 7th article of what is known as the accommodation, a doctrinal compromise by which thousands of Monophysites were reconciled to the church.

It was denounced in 634 by So-phronius, bishop of Jerusalem, in a circular letter to the bishops of Christendom containing a formal statement of the two distinct natures in Christ. Sergius on the reception of this letter wrote to Honorius detailing the good effected by the adoption of the formula, and urging him to put a stop to the controversy waged by Sophronius. Honorius replied, praising Sergius for discarding all novelties of expression, and saying that it is enough for us to know that the one person of the Mediator is the author of every act produced both in his divine and human natures. The self-same incarnate God, he says, manifests his divine power by miracles, and his human infirmity by enduring suffering and shame. There cannot be in the Saviour, born above the condition of our fallen nature, the struggle between the law of concupiscence in our members and the law of our minds; because he assumed our nature as it was created in innocence, not as it is vitiated by sin. "We should conform our wisdom and zeal to the divine oracles, and reject these new formulas which prove a stumbling block to the unwary.

The little ones of the flock will consider us Nestorians if we persist in speaking of a twofold operation in Christ; and they will deem us Eutychians if we affirm only a single operation." In a second letter to Sergius, he says that he has written to the bishops of Alexandria and Jerusalem to abstain from speaking in this unusual way either of a single or of a twofold operation in Christ. The representative of Sophronius has pledged himself that his superior shall in future avoid the term "twofold operation," if Cyrus on his side refrains from using that of "single operation." The emperor Constans II. subsequently issued an edict called "Type" enjoining the same prudential silence ; but it was condemned by Pope Martin I. in 649. The doctrine of Honorius was favorably explained, however, by Pope John IV. in 641, and by St. Maximus in 660, as well as by some bishops at the council of Constantinople in 680-'81. But that council in the 13th session condemned both his letters to be burned, and in the 15th he was himself anathematized. His fault, according to Archbishop Manning, lay in not using his authority, when appealed to, by defining the true doctrine, and thereby repressing the incipient heresy. The question of his heterodoxy has been vehemently discussed in ancient and modern times; and the dogma of pontifical infallibility, defined in 1870 by the council of the Vatican, has once more brought the name of Honorius prominently forward. - See Labbe's collection of the councils, vol. v., and Collection royale or du Louvre, vol. xv. (II.) Pietro Cadalao, Cadalus, or Cadalous, antipope, died in 1072. He was bishop of Parma when he was nominated pope by the emperor Henry IV. in opposition to Alexander II. He was consecrated by the new bishop of Parma, Oct. 28,1061, and immediately marched to Rome at the head of an army.

He was excommunicated by the bishops of Germany and Italy in the council of Augsburg, 1062, and deposed by the council of Mantua in 1064. Although not recognized by any power but Germany, he maintained his claims to the papacy until his death. II. Lamberto di Fagnano, born in Bologna about 1070, died in Rome, Feb. 14, 1130. He was successively archdeacon of Bologna, canon regular of St. John Lateran, bishop of Velletri, cardinal bishop of Ostia, and legate to the emperor Henry V. He was elected pope under pressure of popular violence Dec. 15, 1124, but resigned, and was reelected unanimously on Dec. 21. From the beginning he labored incessantly for the correction of clerical abuses and the reform of manners. He had the reformatory decrees of the first Lateran council published and enforced in the synods of Westminster, September, 1125, and May, 1127, and in a synod of the Norman clergy at Rouen in October, 1128. In France he used the influence of St. Bernard to reform both clergy and laity, and called several councils: that of Nantes, for all Brittany, in 1127; that of Troves, in 1128, at which the rule and white habits given to the templars by St. Bernard were approved; that of Paris, in 1129, for the restoration of monastic discipline; and that of Chalons-sur-Marne, in the same year, against simoniacs.

The order of Premontre was approved Feb. 16, 1126. In Germany and Italy the laws against simony were enforced by the papal legates. In the council of Worms, April, 1127, the simoniacal election of Godfrey, archbishop of Treves, was annulled; and in that of Ravenna the schismatic bishops of Aquileia and Grado were deposed. The Spanish bishops also assembled in Palencia in 1129, to apply to their churches the reforms ordered by the pope. Honorius, at the request of the kings of Denmark, Sweden, and Bohemia, sent legates to their respective countries to restore morality and discipline. In the East the provinces conquered by the crusaders were erected into bishoprics, and great efforts were made to unite the Greek and Latin churches. Honorius confirmed the election of the emperor Lothaire II., excommunicated his opponents Frederick and Conrad of Swabia, and deposed the archbishop of Milan for having crowned Conrad at Monza. He opposed by force of arms the claim of Roger of Sicily to Apulia and Calabria, but after a disastrous war sued for peace, Roger on his part demanding of the pope the investiture of his kingdom. Eleven letters of Honorius II. are in vol. x. of Labbe's collection of the councils.

III. Cencio Savelli, born in Rome, died there, March 18, 1227. He was successively a canon regular of St. John Lateran, tutor to Frederick II., cardinal deacon, cardinal priest, chamberlain, and vice chancellor of the Roman church. He was elected pope in Perugia, July 18, 1216. One of his first cares was to enforce the laws of his predecessor Innocent III. for promoting clerical studies. He compelled the French to acknowledge Henry III. of England after the death of John, and interfered to secure the rights of Berengaria, widow of Richard I. On the day after his consecration he wrote to the king of Jerusalem and to the principal sovereigns, urging them to succor Palestine. He crowned Peter de Courtenay as emperor of Constantinople, April 9, 1217, and organized an army of crusaders under Andrew II., king of Hungary. In order to enlist the forces of Germany in the same cause, he negotiated with his former pupil, Frederick II., crowned his infant son king of the Romans in April, 1220, and Frederick himself as emperor in the following November, exacting at the coronation a solemn promise, which was not redeemed, to proceed to Palestine with an army within two years.

Honorius induced Louis VIII. of France to undertake a crusade against Raymond of Toulouse, and persuaded the German princes to take up arms in defence of the new Christians of Prussia and Pome-rania. His letters are published in Innocent Ciron's Compilatio Epistolarum Decretalium Honorii III. (Toulouse, 1645). IV. Giacomo Savelli, born in Rome, died there, April 3,1287. He was educated in Paris, became a canon of Chalons-sur-Marne, and cardinal deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin. He was elected pope at Perugia, April 2, 1285, in violation of the constitution of Gregory X., without the formality of a conclave, which the new pope termed "a censurable abuse lately introduced into the Roman church." He endeavored without success to introduce the study of oriental languages into the university of Paris. Charles the Lame, heir to the kingdom of Sicily, being held a prisoner by Alfonso III. of Aragon, Honorius encouraged the French king, Philip the Bold, to make war on Aragon, bestowing for that purpose on the latter the tithe of all ecclesiastical revenues in France. He suppressed brigandage in his own states, and gave a great impulse to art and science.

The letters of Honorius, preserved in Wadding's "Annals" and Ughelli's Italia Sacra, bear the stamp of wisdom and moderation; but contemporary historians reproach him with nepotism.