Arthur Schopenhauer, a German philosopher, born in Dantzic, Feb. 22, 1788, died in Frankfort, Sept. 21, 1860. His father was a banker, and left him a fortune; and his mother, Johanna Frosina (1770-1838), was a novelist of merit. He studied at Göttingen and Berlin, and in 1813 maintained at the university of Jena a thesis entitled Ueber die vierfache Wur-zel des Satzes vom zureichenden Grunde, which contained the germs of his future philosophy. In 1814 he spent the winter at Weimar with Goethe, who initiated him into his own studies on colors, and Schopenhauer in 1816 published Ueber Sehen und Farben. From 1814 to 1818 he lived at Dresden, and brought his philosophical views into a system, exhibited in Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung (1819; English translation by Franz Hüffer, London, 1874). (See Philosophy, vol. xiii., p. 442.) In 1820 he lectured for six months at the university of Berlin, and in 1831 settled at Frankfort. His remaining works are: Ueber den Willen in der Natur (1836); Die Freiheit des menschlichen Willens (1839) and Das Fundament der Moral (1841), which were combined and revised under the title Die beiden Grundprobleme der Ethik (1860); and Parerga und Paralipome-na (1851), a collection of essays and his most popular work.

A complete edition of his works has been published by Julius Frauenstädt (6 vols., Leipsic, 1874), who has also written Schopenhauer, Lichtstrahlen aus seinen Wer-ken, with a biography (3d ed., Leipsic, 1874). - See also Philosophic de Schopenhauer, by Th. Ribot (Paris, 1875).