Mines and minerals.

Royal mines.

What is included in the term Minerals.

(y) Jacomb v. Turner, 1892, 1 Q. B. 47, 52.

(z) See stat. 8 & 9 Vict. c. 118, ss. 16 sq., 147; above, p. 409, note (p); Davidson, Prec. Conv. vol. ii. pt. i. pp.95, n., 100, n., 4th ed So also after exchanges made under most local Inclosure Acts, upon inclosure under the Inclosure Act, 1845 (see Jacomb v. Tarner, 1892, 1 Q. B. 47, 50), of lands lying in common fields, under stat. 4 & 5 Will. IV. c. 30, or under the Acts authorising the exchange of ecclesiastical property (stats .55 Geo. III. c. 147; 56 Geo. III. c 52; 1 Geo. IV. c. 6; 6 Geo. IV. c. 8), the title, prior to the exchange, of the land taken in exchange is not material, and it is only necessary to ascertain that the jurisdiction or right to make the exchange duly arose; see Suit. V. & P 37:5; 1 Dart, V. & P. 287, 6th ed.: 327, 6th ed.: 323, 7th ed.: 1 Davidson, Tree. Conv. 529, lth ed. Whore land was taken in exchange from a charity under stat. 1 & 2 Geo. IV. c. 92, repealed by 36 & 37 Vict. c. 91, the title to the land given and to that taken in exchange was material; 1 Dart, V. & P. 288, 5th ed.; 328, 6th ed.; 325, 7th ed.; 1 Davidson, Prec. Conv. 530, 4th ed. But where an exchange of charity land has been effected under the Charitable Trusts Act, 1853 (stat. 16 & 17 Vict. c. 137), ss. 24, 26, the transaction stands on the same footing as an exchange by deed of mutual conveyance; see above, p. 409; below, Sec. 7 of this chapter: 1 Dart, V. & P. 329, 6th ed.; 325, 7th ed.

(a) See Belamy v.. Debenham, 1891, 1 Ch. 412;' Re Jackson Woden's Contract, 1906, 1 Ch. 412; above, p. 167.

(b) The case of Mines, Plowd. 310, 336, 337; 1 Black. Com. 295; A.-G. v. Morgan, 1891, 1 Ch. 432.

Working powers implied on an exception of mines and minerals.

(e) Romilly, M. R., Midland Ry. Co. v. Checkley, L. R. 4 Eq. 19, 2b; Hext v. Gill, L. R. 7 Ch. 699, 712, 719; Kay, J., Midland Ry. Co. v. Haunchwood, etc. Co., 20 Ch. D. 552, 555; Jersey v. Neath Poor Law Union, 22 Q. B. D. 555, 559, 561, 563; Johnstone v. Crompton, 1899, 2 Ch. 190; Great Western Rail. Co. v. Blades, 1901, 2 Ch. 624, 631, 636, 638; Re Todd, Birleston & Co. and North Eastern Ry., 1903, 1 K. B. 603, 606, 607; Great Western Ry. v. Carpalla, etc. Co., Ltd., 1909, 1 Ch. 218, 226, 229, 231, 237; affirmed, 1910, A.C.83.

(d) As to the meaning of the term minerals in the Railways Clauses Act, 1845 (stat. 8 & 9 Vict. c. 20), s. 77, and the Waterworks Clauses Act, 1847 (stat. 10 & 11 Vict. c. 17), s. 18, which except from conveyances of any land acquired subject to the provisions of those Acts " all mines of coal, ironstone or other minerals " under such laud, unless expressly named and conveyed; see Lord Provost, etc. of Glasgow v. Fairie, 13 App. Cas. 657; Midland Ry. Co. v. Robinson, 15 App. Cas. 19; Great Western Ry. v. Blades, 1901, 2 Ch. 624; Re Todd, Birleston & Co. and North Eastern Ry., 1903, 1 K. B. 603; Great Western Ry. v. Carpalla, etc. Co., Ltd., 1909, 1 Ch. 218; 1910, A. C. 83, 85; from which it appears that in such cases the actual surface soil of the lands conveyed is not excepted, though it may have a value independently of its worth as mere soil.

(e) Hext v. Gill; Great Western, Ry. v. Carpalla, etc. Co., Ltd., ubi sup.

(f) A.-G. v. Tomline, 5 Ch. D. 750, 762.

(g) Jersey v. Neath Poor Law Union, ubi sup.

(h) Bell v. Wilson, L. R. 1 Ch. 303; Watson, L. A., Lord Provost, etc. of Glasgow v. Fairie, 13 App. Cas. 657, 679.

(i) Midland Ry- Co. v. Cheekley, L. R. 4 Eq. 19, 25.

(k) Moulton, L. J., Great Western Ry. v. Carpalla, etc. Co.. Ltd., 1909, 1 Ch. 218, 231; and see Midland Ry. Co. v. Robinson, 15 App. Cas. 19, 26, 33.

(l) See cases cited, above, note (c); Newton, Chambers &

Co., Ltd. v.Hall, 1907, 2 K. B. 446, 452.

No larger powers can be reserved than were stipulated for in the contract.

Surface cannot be let down or destroyed without special power to do so.

(m) Cardigan v. Armitage, 2

B. & C. 197, 207, 208, 211; affirmed in D. P., Sugd. Law of Property, 88 - 01.

(n) Williams on Commons, 221; see Davidson, Prec. Conv. vol. ii. pt. i. 484 .sq. and note; 1 Key & Elph. Prec. Conv. 310, 311, 4th ed.; 314, 315, 8th ed.

(o) The rule is that the rights to be defined in the conveyance are those conferred by the contract; see Be Peek and London school Board, 1893, 2 Ch. 315; Re Hughes and Ashley's Contract, 1900, 2 Ch. 595; below, Chan. XII. Sec.3.

(p) Humphries v. Brogden, 12 Q. B. 730: Bowbotham v. Wilson, 8 II. L. C. 348, 360; Davis v. Treharne, 6 App. Cas. 460; Dixon v. White, 8 App. Cas. 833, 842, 843; Love v. Bell, 9 App. Cas. 286; Greenwell v. Low Beechburn Co., 1897,2 Q. B. 165; New Sharlston Collieries Co., Ltd. v. Westmorland, 1904, 2 Ch. 443,n.; Butterknowle Colliery Co., Ltd. v.

Bishop Auckland, Sec.c. Co., Ltd., 1906, A. C. 305; Markham v. Paget, L908, 1 Ch. 697, 710. As to what provisions will confer the right to let down the surface, see Rowbotham v. Wilson, ubi sup.: smith v. Darby, L. R. 7 Q.B. 716; Aspder;v.Seddon, L. R. 10 Ch.

Hucknall Colliery Co. Ltd. v. New Hucknall Colliery Co., Ltd., 1909,

1 Ch. 37: affirmed, L910, A C.

381; Brewer v.. Bhymney Iron 1910, 1 Ch. 766, 770.

Mines and minerals go along with the surface until severed.

Mines once severed remain distinct from the surface.

(q) Bell v. Wilson, L. R. 1 Ch. 303; Hext v. Gill, L. R. 7 Ch. 699, 713 sq.

(r) 2 Black. Comm. 18; Newton, Chambers & Co., Ltd .v. Hall, 1907, 2 K. B. 446, 452; above, p. 411. Exceptions occur (1) upon conveyances of lands acquired subject to the provisions of the Railways Clauses Act, 1845, or the Waterworks Clauses Act, 1847 (above, p. 412, n. (d)); (2) upon the enfranchisement of copyholds when effected by virtue of the powers given by the Copyhold Acts, 1841, 1852, 1858, or 1894 (see stats. 4 & 5 Vict c. 35, ss. 13, 56 sq., 82; 15 & 16 Vict. c. 51, s. 48; 21 & 22 Vict. C. 94, s. 14; 57 & 58 Vict. c. 46, s. 23); (3) upon the sale for redeeming land tax of lands of ecclesiastical corporations under the Land Tax Redemption Acts (see 1 Dart, V. & P. 370, 5th ed.; 422. 6th ed.; 4 25, 7th ed.); and (4) where streets or roads vest by statute in some local authority for the purposes only of exercising the powers thereby conferred on them in respect of the surface (see below, pp. 417, 418).