Mons. Michea has given to this phenomenon the title of double hallucination (hallucination dedoublee). It is not easily discovered but in the senses of touch, sight, and hearing. We will relate some instances mentioned by this author.

John Lairy was attacked with a high fever. On the tenth day of his sickness a very remarkable hallucination took place. He believed that a man was attached to his right side, who was equally ill with himself. It was his dominant idea. He spoke only of the companion who partook in his sufferings. He was very angry that no attention was paid to this companion, particularly that nothing was given him to drink, whilst all the care and nourishment was bestowed upon him. He frequently conversed with him; and, when the fever had abated, it appeared to him that the individual had risen, but was not far off. On every other subject the patient was perfectly sane. To the endeavor to persuade him that all he believed himself to see and hear was only the result of an irritability of the brain, he replied with violence: "But here he is; he returns; I feel him, I touch him, I see him, I speak to him, and he replies."

At the end of three weeks, he said that his comrade had quitted him during the night, having left him, for a legacy, a bladder filled with blood.*

Marcel Donat mentions a woman, fifty years of age, who, subsequently to a severe illness, incessantly saw spiders, spectres, and tombs. These false perceptions only appeared when she opened the left eye, the right being closed, whilst in a reversed action she saw nothing strange. Marcel Donat said that neither eye exhibited any disease either in the humors or the tunica.

Mons. Michea, who has more particularly noticed double hallucinations, draws the conclusion that the fanciful object which appears transmitted to the perception by a single one of the symmetrical portions of a sensorial organ, is one of the characteristics by the aid of which we can distinguish the subjective sensorial perception from the subjective cerebral perception. We have already replied to this opinion on the intervention of the senses. Dr. Wigan would have cited this double hallucination in support of his doctrine of the duality of the brain.

It is not unusual for hallucinations of hearing to be accompanied or preceded by different kinds of noises. The patients hear noises overhead, and on the walls; or the noises resemble humming, hissing in the ears, or breathing.

Hallucinations of hearing, instead of being external, become internal. The voices emanate from the head, the breast, the epigastrium, the abdomen; and some patients have imagined themselves to become ventriloquists. This symptom is not confined to those having hallucinations, but occurs also with somnambulists, cataleptics, and in certain hysterical cases.

Auditive hallucinations are very frequent with the insane, even if they are deaf. An old lady of seventy, blind and deaf, whom we several times attended, heard the conversation of her friends, and was much amused. It is said that Beethoven, who became entirely deaf in his latter years, distinctly heard the performance of his sublime compositions repeated in his head.

The frequent occurrence of hallucinations of sight in persons perfectly sane, is well known; which caused us to say, in our first edition, that they were more numerous than those of hearing. A glance at the annals of the Middle Ages will satisfy us on this point.

* M. Boursat, Observat. d'llalluc. (Encyolograph. Med., Feb. 1845), p. 327. Hist. Med. Mirabil. Francf. 1513, lib. ii. cap. i.

Amongst intellectual phenomena of this sense, we must place the reproduction of a single object, always the same, during an indefinite period. One of our brethren, Dr. W. saw constantly before him a black cow, and became so worn out with the persistency of this false sensation that he destroyed himself. No one who has read the Demonology of Sir Walter Scott, can forget the spectre of the physician. The ancestor of Sir Charles Bonnet, who, wide awake, saw before him the figures of men and women, birds, ships, etc., is an interesting example. It is important to notice that he did not, like visionaries, take these visions for realities. He was able to judge sanely of all these apparitions, and correct his first impressions.

M. Lclorgne de Savigny, of the Institute, who was for twenty years distressed by a malady in which hallucinations of sight formed one of the chief symptoms, relates, as amongst the most common of his visions, "the scene of a spacious vault built up of innumerable human countenances, all equally expressive, but yet," he adds, "all having a kind of inflexibility, and fixing on me malicious looks."*

Religious madmen and ecstatics present the most complex examples of hallucinations of the sight. One of these monomaniacs, several times under treatment at Bicetre, experienced the most varied visions; he saw future generations pass before his eyes, and spread out before him like the most magnificent pictures, †

Visions often bear an intimate relation to the actual preoccupation of mind of the patient. Thus, we see in our dreams the image of the person who has engaged our thoughts during the day. At other times they are the reproduction of vivid external sensations. M. Baillarger gives the following example, taken from Pariset's lectures: "A general, whose fame is known throughout the world, was one day unadvisedly drawn, during a battle, into the midst of his enemies. Separated from his own troops, and surrounded by adversaries, he looked for immediate death. He however escaped, but the impression which his danger left on his mind was profound and lasting. Since then, this general has filled a throne, but he has occasionally experienced a singular hallucination. Suddenly, in the midst of the silence of the palace, he has been heard to utter violent exclamations, and has been found as in the act of defending himself. It has lasted but a few moments, but it was the scene of the combat re-enacted to his sight. Pariset adds, that this false sensation decreased with the advance of age.