He distinguishes hypotaxis with amnesia from somnambulism, and defines this as those cases in which the hypnotized still knows that one is speaking to him, but does not know what one says.

Vogt obtained somnambulism ninety-nine times, hypotaxis with amnesia twelve times, hypotaxis without amnesia six times, and somnolence twice, out of one hundred and nineteen eases (including sixty-eight women and fifty-one men). Not a single case showed itself as being refractory. Among them there were even some insane patients. Somnambulism was produced in all the mentally healthy persons. He says:

"I can assert, on the basis of my experience, that somnambulism can be produced in every mentally healthy person; temporary impeding elements can always be overcome with patience. In order to investigate the suggestibility of those whom I rendered somnambulant at the first sitting, I used the production of anaesthesia by waking suggestion. At first I gave the sleep suggestion previously, that I should succeed in the waking suggestion. I succeeded in this way in obtaining anaesthesia in the waking condition thirteen times out of fourteen. I omitted the sleep suggestion, and later obtained anaesthesia seventeen times, analgesia twice, and in three cases there was no result.

"I wish to point out in this place that the suggestive anaesthetic skin shows just as little tendency to bleed as does the hysterical anaesthetic skin.

"I have succeeded in producing a motion of the bowels at once in twenty-one out of twenty-six attempts. At times this was only achieved after several attempts, but it often occurred at the first trial.

"In seven attempts to stop menstruation immediately, I was successful in all, but in four cases the result only lasted for some hours.

"Among four attempts to bring on the period, I was unsuccessful twice, while in the other two cases the menses appeared two days later. I do not, however, claim that this was a result of the hypnosis.

"The relationship between suggestibility and the results of therapeutic suggestion is a very meager one. This cannot be emphasized sufficiently in opposition to the view generally held. The retention of temporarily successful suggestions is quite another psychical characteristic than suggestibility.

"Let me place two extreme cases side by side:

"A patient has been suffering for a long time from a hypochondriacal delusion, which is connected with symptoms of sexual irritation. The patient remains still hypotactic after a number of sittings. Automatic movements scarcely succeed, and amnesia fails entirely. In spite of this, I am able to remove his delusion permanently in a single sitting.

"Another patient presents himself with the sensations of traumatic hysteria, the somatic appearances of which had already disappeared. This patient was one of the most suggestible persons whom I have ever hypnotized. All the complaints disappeared after the first hypnosis. At the same time, hallucinations for all the senses by waking suggestion succeeded. The patient did not have any further symptoms during the remaining fortnight of his stay here. For prophylactic reasons, he was hypnotized three times more during this period, and then discharged. He had a complete recurrence only three days later. The patient was so suggestible that he reacted to every influence at once. He had associated the symptoms of his illness so intimately with the conception of his home during the months of lying in bed that his return home recalled the sensually active remembrance of the symptoms. This bast mentioned is the psychological definition of the recurrence.

"There is a large number of such cases. I am treating a neurasthenic and two hysterics. The sight of me is sufficient to make them well for days, but no form of suggestion has a lasting result,

"The old proverb ' Slow but sure' holds good even in psychotherapy.

"I succeeded in removing constipation in persons who were little suggestible, and in obtaining a daily stool at a fixed hour. The suggestion of an immediate motion remained in these cases without result. On the other hand, I am able to achieve at any time an immediate motion in an easily suggestible patient who is not an hysteric; but a regulation of the bowels for the next days or for a longer period never succeeds. The results of other suggestions in the same patients tally well with these results.

"Certain autosuggestions of the hysterical are deserving of a special mention. Ringier was the first to call attention to them. There is one class of severe hysteria in which therapeutic suggestions only make the symptoms worse. Two hysterical patients of this class were accustomed to have a daily stool at irregular times. An immediate evacuation was producible in the one by waking suggest ion, and in the second by sleep suggestion. I wished to insure the motion for a definite time of the day, for the purposes of a certain series of experiments. I induced in both a very obstinate constipation.

"This phenomenon depends on the fact that part-impressions of the complex of impressions called into existence by suggestion activize brain dynamisms, which are already in a condition of tension, as a result of irritability, before the remaining components of the suggestion can exercise their inhibiting influence.

"I append two suitable cases in illustration of this:

"An hysteric suffered from attacks during the past fortnight. Hypnotic treatment only increased the number of the attacks, inasmuch as during or after each sitting an attack took place. Later, the patient herself gave me the explanation. Her lover had taken advantage of her during anaesthesia. Three days later the lover poisoned himself. On receiving the news of his death, the first hysterical attack took place. 'Hypnotic putting to sleep always reminded me of the previous narcosis,' she said;; it all came back to me, and I became afraid, and so a fit took place.'

"Another hysteric suffered from periodical conditions of clouded intelligence. These conditions were preceded by lively variations of mood. I hypnotized this patient in this condition, and made the suggestion that she would have no more attacks. But lo and behold! an attack took place. The word 'attack' produced it. In spite of this, the other components of my suggestion made themselves apparent. The attacks had a much less severe character than all those which had been formerly observed.

"The same sort of influence of suggestion, which is rendered partly favorable and partly unfavorable through different forms of associative connection, could be still better observed in the same patient during the course of the earlier attacks. I had given the patient an injection of hyoscine at the beginning of the condition of mental clouding. This quieted the patient sufficiently, so that I could hypnotize her and free her from the condition rapidly. The dryness of the throat produced by the hyoscine had led in the meantime to the autosuggestion of an anaesthesia of the oral cavity, with a paralysis of the tongue in consequence, an ageusia, and a motor aphasia. Within three days all the symptoms had been removed by suggestive therapy; only an aphonia still remained. The last named resisted all suggestion for four days. At length I attempted the removal of the symptom by a suggestive amnesia for the whole speech disturbance. On awakening, the patient had a complete recurrence. She was again aphasic, and performed smacking movements with her tongue, as she had done all along. She pointed with her fingers to her throat, and then suddenly called with a loud voice for 'water.' She drank a whole tumblerful at one draught. In a few moments the speech disturbance was gone. My suggestion had, therefore, at first called forth the somewhat vivid recollection of the illness from which she had just recovered, and even included the dryness in the throat; then the remembrance of the healthy period was also awakened. This, which represented a much more powerful impression complex, gradually gained the upper hand. In this way the favorable action of hypnosis conquered the unfavorable action.

"The relation between the suggestibility and the retention of suggestions, as well as between these phenomena and the remaining aspects of the mind, must be the object of further study."